Physicochemical Influences on the Spawning and Rearing Habitat of Riverine Neosho Smallmouth Bass

Stream fishes are vulnerable to a range of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Information on fish movements and habitat use is essential to conserve and manage these populations, and is particularly limited for populations that occupy range boundaries and novel habitats. Neosho Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu velox occurs only in the southwestern Ozark Highlands ecoregion, where the riverscape is highly dissected by impoundments. I sought to broaden the knowledge of Neosho Smallmouth Bass (NSMB) ecology by evaluating movement patterns, nesting and rearing habitat use at multiple scales, and spawning phenology in relation to physicochemical conditions. Adult NSMB movements were greatest during the spring spawning period and were positively related to discharge and fish size, though I also observed considerable variability among individuals and streams. Tagged fish did not use the reservoir or associated interface habitats. I also documented nest "clustering" by NSMB in response to local habitat conditions; cluster presence was more likely in warmer streams with wide, shallow channels, and less likely in groundwater-gaining reaches. Nest abundance was greater in warmer streams and reaches with deeper pools. I observed spatiotemporal variation in the hatch timing and growth rate of age-0 NSMB in response to discharge and stream temperature conditions. I showed the importance of warmer streams and of deep pools in small streams for NSMB rearing. I also demonstrated the harm of July floods for first-year survival in these populations, and showed the importance of stream proximity (i.e., adjacency to larger streams) for mitigating this effect and modifying the habitat relationships of age-0 NSMB. Lastly, we observed juvenile NSMB movements were greater for larger individuals and with warmer water temperatures. Individual variation was high for both movement and microhabitat use. The variability in movement, habitat use, and response to physicochemical conditions among individuals and populations (i.e., in different streams) underscores the importance of maintaining habitat heterogeneity and streamflow sufficient to connect important habitats, especially in small streams. Protecting the inherent diversity of these populations is crucial for their persistence in a changing environment

CURRENT ISSUES AFFECTING TRADE AND TRADE POLICY: AN ANNOTATED LITERATURE REVIEW

This review provides a base of literature describing current issues and research on the impacts of lobalization and the industrialization of agriculture and recent approaches to analyze and model agricultural trade and trade policies. Three key factors of the survey are differentiated goods, global economic integration and international supply chain linkages. The review covers 182 publications, which are presented alphabetically by author with a brief annotation describing how it relates to the above criteria. The articles are also indexed by keyword. A brief summary highlights the documented literature and includes a series of issues for future discussion and research.International Relations/Trade,

A short note on the presence of spurious states in finite basis approximations

The genesis of spurious solutions in finite basis approximations to operators which possess a continuum and a point spectrum is discussed and a simple solution for identifying these solutions is suggested

The October 27-28, 1986, FIRE cirrus case study: Cloud microstructure

Using aircraft in-situ measurements, the microphysics of cirrus clouds observed on 28 Oct. 1986 during FIRE were examined. Results are presented as one component of a coordinated study of the cirrus on the day. The study contributes to the understanding of cold clouds by: (1) providing microphysical data to supplement satellite and aircraft data for investigating cirrus cloud radiative effects; (2) providing more complete information on ice particle evolution and cloud forcing mechanisms than has been available through the use of instrumentation with higher resolution and more accurate calibration; (3) expanding the knowledge of the particle characteristics in cold liquid water clouds, through improved instrumentation and by making use of sensors on other platforms, such as lidar; and (4) by estimating the ice nucleus concentrations active at low temperatures in the upper troposphere from the concentrations of ice particles in colloidally stable liquid water clouds

Improving the Convergence of an Iterative Algorithm Proposed By Waxman

In the iterative algorithm recently proposed by Waxman for solving eigenvalue problems, we point out that the convergence rate may be improved. For many non-singular symmetric potentials which vanish asymptotically, a simple analytical relationship between the coupling constant of the potential and the ground state eigenvalue is obtained which can be used to make the algorithm more efficient